![]() Nietzsche believed that “the herd” were people who could not think for themselves, so they allowed other people to tell them about truth, such as religion. He believed that the solution to our weaknesses was something called tragic optimism-the sense of joy and vitality of a person who neither dwindles from struggle nor struggles blindly, and one is willing to fight for their own weaknesses and fears to embrace the fight for self-determinism. He believed that traditional belief systems made no sense in the modern world, therefore, “God is dead.” Through this idea, Nietzsche came up with a new idea, called our “will-to-power,” and this was the new way for people to assert meaning in their lives. Modernity defined geo-politics, cultural conditions, and beliefs dominated by enlightenment ideals, including faith in science, objective truth, urbanization, and secularization. German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, explored the effects that modernity had on human life. Even if their relationship was destined to fail, Joel and Clementine chose to reunite. This is because although they could not actively remember, the emotions they felt for each other were familiar, because they had felt them before. Therefore, if both Joel and Clementine had repressed memories about each other, they would have an influence on their emotions for each other. ![]() If this was true, those memories would not have been erased from Joel’s brain because they would not have shown up on the brain map because he would not be actively remembering them. This explains why Joel and Clementine decided to reunite because Joel most likely had unconscious memories of Clementine. Freud explained that the existence of emotionally charged ideas in the unconscious parts of the mind actively cause influences on what a person thinks, feels, says, and does. Clementine told him to “go somewhere where they won’t find us,” so he dove into his memories that were from his childhood, thinking that they would be safe there. Joel was able to use these memories because they were relevant to the situation. He does this in an attempt to save Clementine from being completely erased from his memory. ![]() In Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Joel easily recalls memories of his childhood. Mental states, such as memories, exist, but we are not always consciously aware of them - they can be called to mind when relevant. Through these three principles, Freud claims that there are unknown causes that govern our choices. It confronts the ego with rules and prohibitions, like a strict parent - this causes feelings of anxiety or guilt, causing repression between the ego and superego. The superego contains a person’s conscious derived from the moral norms learned in childhood. The ego, or reality principle, is nearest to our ordinary conception of self with our conscious mental states that we articulate as “I think/feel/want.” This includes perceptions of the real world and decisions about how to act. The id, or pleasure principle, contains the instinctual drives that seek immediate satisfaction like a small child. The three parts to this theory contain the id, the ego, and the superego. Through this theory, Freud came up with the theory of human nature. This theory stated that people could suffer from an unconscious idea or emotion charged memory that they are unaware of, but from which can be revealed by bringing it to consciousness. Neurologist Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytic theory.
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